Gastric Cancer

The therapeutic method of gastric cancer is mostly performed by surgical operations. However, surgical operations should not be performed in case intraabdominal dissemination, rectal shelf and virchow node are manually felt, the same as distantmetastasis.

1. Endoscopic Therapy
It is largely divided into local coagulation and endogastrectomy. In the case of local coagulation, laser therapies such as endoscopic YAG laser, photodynamic therapy and local laser hypertheramia (42-45 degree) are used as well as absolute alcohol, 5-FU and OK-432 are locally injected. In the case of endogastrectomy (EMR), snare polypectomy, strip biopsy, EMR-C (transparent cap), EMR-L (rubber band) and EMR-P (electrotome) and hot biopsy are mostly used.

2. Indicant of Endoscopic Therapy
Lymph node metastasis or distantmetastasis should not be being in the abdomen in order that endoscopy may be performed, and carcinoma should be laid at the endoscope’s length as well as infiltration should be shallow. It was reported that mcosal cancer accounts for 2 to 6 percent and submucosal cancer accounts for 20 to 25 percent and the rate of lymph node metastasis reaches 10 to 15 percent. It was reported that lymph node metastasis can be excluded in the protrudent differentiated cancer of which major axis is less than 20mm, the depressed differentiated cancer that has no ulcer and has the major axis of 10mm and downward, the local gastric cancer generated on a gastric adenoma and the gastric-like cancer of which major axis is less than 20mm. Such things can be the targets of endoscopic therapy. In the case of the patients whose general conditions are not normal, who are aged, who get multiple cancers and who refuse to undergo surgical operations, it may be comparative indicant. The 515 patients diagnosed with early gastric cancer (1990 ? 1996) were analyzed in Seoul Central Hospital. In result, lymph node metastasis was not observed in the mucosal cancer that has the major axis of 20mm and downward and has no ulcer, irrespective of cell differentiation. Also, lymph node metastasis was not observed in protrudent early cancer. According to Takekoshi, the five-year survival and ten-year survival rate of the patients who underwent endoscopic operations before 1991 were 86% and 72% respectively. Also, there were no patients who died due to relapse of cancer during 14 years’ follow-up study. The result is behind laparotomy (90~95% and 80~85%), but it is not bad at all in consideration of the age of patients and their systemic diseases.

3. Surgical Operation
Surgical operations are also divided into laparoscopic resection and laparotomy. Laparoscopic resection can be finished within a short time, and patients can be rapidly recovered after the operation. However, laparoscopic resection can be performed in case lymph node metastasis is not observed in the abdomen. Further, it has been scarcely applied to early cancer because endoscopic therapy has been advanced. Laparotomy was succeeded for the first time by Billroth in 1881, and afterwards it has been used most widely. As it dissects lymph nodes, postoperative diagnosis and staging can be correctly derived. It has been regarded as the optimum therapeutic method and as the unique method to heighten survival rate, irrespective of lymph node metastasis. The five-year survival rate of Korean patients reaches only 30 to 40 percent, despite radical operations, because their cancers are mostly detected at the tertiary stage. As early gastric cancer has been increased, recently it accounts for 30 percent and upward. However, the value is remarkably lower than Japan of which early cancer reaches 50 to 60 percent. Prevention and early detection are critical to heighten survival rate.

4. Cancer Chemotherapy
Cancer cannot be completely recovered only by cancer chemotherapy, but it is effective to remedy minute metastasis or residual cancer and to prevent relapse. Also, it is used to palliate carcinoma in case a surgical operation cannot be performed. The cases where cancer chemotherapy came to good reaches 10 to 20 percent in the West, and reaches about 30 percent in Korea. Furthermore, the cases where lifespan was stringed out were very small.
5. Radiotherapy: Ordinarily, radiotherapy shows high effect to gastric cancer. In the case of the cancer generated at the esophagus-stomach copula, preoperative treatment can be performed restrictively.

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Cholangioma

Cholangioma means the cancer generated on the cell surrounding the inside of the bile duct (epithelial cell). The bile duct is classified into the intrahepatic bile duct and the extrahepatic bile duct, and so cholangioma is called ‘intrahepatic bile duct cancer’ and ‘extrahepatic bile duct cancer’ respectively. As the gallbladder is a part of the biliary system, gallbladder cancer and cholangioma are of the same kind in a broad sense. However, gallbladder cancer is ordinarily regarded as different due to histological differences. Intrahepatic bile duct cancer is ordinarily regarded in the same light as hepatoma because it is also generated on the intrahepatic bile duct, but it should be differentiated from hepatoma because two cancers are remarkably different from each other in characteristics and therapeutic methods. The liver is constituted by various cells, and the cancer generated on the hepatocyte is called ‘hepatoma’ and the cancer generated on the intrahepatic bile duct is called ‘intrahepatic bile duct cancer’. Also, two cancers are strikingly different from each other in the causal cell. Cholangioma is mostly characterized by jaundice. In the case of serious jaundice, feces become white and the skin becomes itchy as well as right epigastric pains, pyrexia, weight loss, anorexia, nausea and emesis may be arisen. In the case of cholangioma, blood bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase are increased as well as CA19-901, the tumor marker, is increased by 55 to 65 percent. In the case of radiotherapies, ultrasonography, CT scan, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are mostly used. Therapeutic methods are largely divided into two, that is, a method to excise or decrease carcinoma, such as a surgical operation, cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and another method to open the obstructed bile duct. Among such methods, only surgical excision is expected to make patients survive for a long time but the problem is that many patients miss the opportunity to undergo surgical operations. In case the bile duct is obstructed by cholangioma, bile cannot run to the duodenum and so jaundice is arisen. The same as standing water rots, standing bile causes cholangitis and eventually sepsis is arisen by disease germs running through blood vessels. The sepsis patients mostly die, and sepsis accounts for the highest rate of the death of cholangioma patients. Surgical operations, drug treatment or radiotherapy all can open the obstructed bile duct, but such methods cannot be applied to the patients who have serious jaundice due to the risk of cholangitis. In the case of the jaundice caused by cholangioma, the obstructed bile duct should be opened emergently. Other treatments depend on the failure or success of the surgery.

Definition

The bile duct is to run off bile from the liver to the duodenum. Bile is produced by hepatocytes (the cells that constitute the liver) and is secreted into a very narrow tube (canaliculi), and it becomes gradually thicker the same as branches gather toward the trunk. It comes out of the liver, and discharges bile through the papillary part of the duodenum. As foresaid, the bile duct is classified into the intrahepatic bile duct and the extrahepatic bile duct that is stretches into the duodenum. The extrahepatic bile duct, which is about 8cm long, is classified into the hepatic portal part, the upper part, the middle part and the lower part. The cancer generated on such parts is called ‘cholangioma’ and it is a malignant tumor generated on the epithelial cell of the gallbladder. Cholangioma is classified into intrahepatic bile duct cancer and extrahepatic bile duct cancer according to region. In some cases the intrahepatic bile duct cancer generated in the canaliculi is regarded as hepatoma, but it is remarkably different from hepatoma.

Symptoms

In case the bile duct is obstructed by cancer, bile cannot run and the bile duct above the obstructed duct is filled with bile and so pressure is heightened. Eventually, bile flows backward into blood vessels. In such a case, jaundice is arisen and the skin and eyes turn yellow due to the pigment called ‘bilirubin’. Jaundice is divided into two kinds; a jaundice arisen due to the obstructed bile duct, the same as cholangioma and pancreatic caner, and another jaundice arisen due to hepatitis or a certain medicine. The first jaundice is medically called ‘obstructive jaundice’, and the second is arisen as hepatocytes are damaged by hepatitis viruses or drugs. In the case of obstructive jaundice, bile cannot run into the duodenum and so feces turns white due to the pigment ‘bilirubin’ as well as urine turns red and dark as the concentration of bilirubin is heightened in blood. In the case of serious jaundice, pruritus may be arisen because the bile acid in bile is absorbed into blood and deposited under the skin concurrently with bilirubin. In addition, weight loss, anorexia, nausea and emesis may be arisen.

Cause, conditions and physiological

The cause of cholangioma is not clarified as yet, but it is presumed that cholangioma is caused by various conditions that are likely to inflame the cells surrounding the inside of the bile duct. Also, biliary calculus is regarded as a cause by reason it is detected in 20 to 30 percent of cholangioma patients. In addition, congenital disorders such as liver fluke, inflammatory colon diseases and biliary cyst are presumed to be related with cholangioma.

Diagnosis

Cholangioma is characterized by blood bilirubin and the enzyme ‘alkaline phosphatase’ that are increased after onset. The tumor marker is not secreted in normal tissues but is secreted after the onset of cancer, and various tumor markers had been found out in various carcinomas. As it can be simply used with blood test, it has been widely used. Nevertheless, there is no the tumor marker that is of help to diagnose cholangioma directly, as yet. Some tumor markers have been actually used in about 50 percent of cholangioma patients, but it is difficult to entirely depend on such tumor markers because they are not increased in early cancer as well as some advanced cancers do not show increase. As cholangioma is stealthily metastasized into surrounding tissues and conspicuous mass is not shown in many cases, it is not easy to correctly diagnose cholangioma. However, the advance of image analysis is of help to diagnose cholangioma. Radiotherapies are divided into non-invasive methods, such as ultrasonography, CT scan and MRCP, and invasive methods such as ERCP and PTC. Ultrasonography does not give pain to patients, and does not expose them to radial rays, and can be repetitively performed with ease. In addition, ultrasonography is suitable to monitor the bile duct, and is of help to calculate the obstructed par. For these reasons, ultrasonography is preferentially performed. Although ultrasonography is of help to track down cholangioma, it should be examined more correctly in order that the progress of cancer may be clarified. CT scan or MRI scan is typical examination that is performed to analyze the progress of cancer and distant metastasis. ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is to examine the shape of the bile duct or the pancreatic duct. To perform this method, an endoscope is inserted into the duodenum and a thin tube is put into the papillary part of the duodenum and a contrast medium is injected. Through this method, the obstructed bile duct can be opened as well as biopsy can be performed. ERCP can diagnose the jaundice caused by cholangioma, and can basically treat it. PTC is to contrast the bile duct by penetrating a needle through the skin and the liver. As the stricture and obstruction of the bile duct can be monitored in detail, the position and progress of carcinoma can be analyzed. In case the bile duct is obstructed, a serious complication may be arisen. In such a case, bile can be drained by the drainage tube.

Progress, prognosis

Cholangioma is one of the cancers of which prognoses are not satisfactory. Of course it can be completely recovered by surgical operations in case it is early detected, but patients mostly miss the opportunity to undergo surgical operations. 25 percent of cholangioma patients can undergo surgical operations, and five-year survival rate reaches just 5 percent. Nevertheless, the foregoing result is nothing but a numerical value. As the response of patients is different from each other, therapeutic methods are difficult to be applied to patients in the same light.

Complication

In case obstructive jaundice is arisen by cholangioma, secondarily cholangitis and sepsis are arisen and eventually the patient meets its death. Cholangitis and sepsis, caused by cholangioma, are complications needing emergency treatment. In case cholangioma is metastasized into other organs, various complications are arisen.

Treatment

The therapeutic methods to cholangioma become different as to progress, the same as other cancers. Cholangioma is classified into primary, secondary, tertiary and terminal stage according to progress. The progress of cancer is graded by infiltration, the metastasis into lymph nodes and distantmetastasis. During the primary stage, cancer is limited to the bile duct and the muscle layer. During the secondary stage, cancer is developed more than the primary stage but is not metastasized into adjacent organs and adjacent lymph nodes. During the tertiary stage, cancer is metastasized into other organs but is metastasized into lymph nodes. During the terminal stage, cancer is directly metastasized into other organs including the liver and the peritoneum. Specifically, stages are classified as to the progress of metastasis. Surgical operations, cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy are typical therapeutic methods that directly remedy cancer, and there is a subsidiary remedy that alleviates the pain. Among such methods, surgical excision is expected to make long-term survival possible. Despite criticism, radiotherapy is of help to alleviate jaundice or the pains after excision. Cancer chemotherapy is not effective to remedy cholangioma, so it should be reviewed with time. It has been recently reported that new anticancer medicines have been developed and such medicines have come to good. The cancer in the primary or secondary stage should be surgically excised. It is desirable to surgically excise the cancer in the tertiary stage if possible, but it is advisable to simultaneously use surgical therapy, radiotherapy and anticancer medicine in case it is widely metastasized. In the case of the terminal stage, in many cases it aims ate relieving symptoms through chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In case obstructive jaundice is arisen by cholangioma, the bile duct should be opened in order that bile may be run down. The bile duct can be linked to the liver by a surgical operation, but recently bile was impossible to be drained by an endoscopic technique or radiological therapy. To perform endoscopic drainage, an endoscope should be inserted into the duodenum and a plastic or metal tube should be inserted from the ampulla of vater into the bile duct. It needs hi-tech skills, but it the obstructed duct can be effectively opened within 20 to 30 minutes. In case endoscopic drainage is difficult to be performed, a drainage tube should be selectively inserted into the bile duct through the skin and the liver.

Preventions

There is no method to fundamentally preventive cholangioma.

Consult a doctor in the following cases

In the following cases, you should immediately go to the doctor.
- A case where a mass is felt at the right abdomen or where a dull pain is repetitively felt
- A case where the eye or the skin turns yellow and where urine turns brownish
- A case where pruritus is arisen concurrently with jaundice
- A case where weight is lost
- A case where fever is developed concurrently with the right epigastric pain

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Cervical Cancer

What is Cervical Cancer?

This is the cancer that is generated on the uterine cervix, and that is developed into infiltrating cancer in case it is kept intact for a long time. As the precancerous lesion of the uterine cervix has been early detected and effectively remedied, the incidence of cervical cancer has been also decreased. Also, its recover rate is comparatively high as it slowly progresses. Cervical cancer ranks top in Korea’s female cancers, and accounts for about 22 percent of female cancers.

Etiology

Cervical cancer is mostly caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) through sexual intercourse. In the case of the women who had early sexual intercourse or who have many sex partners, cervical cancer is influenced by male factors or may be influenced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the case of the females in the lower stratum of society or economy, the possibility of getting cervical cancer is five times higher than the women of the upper classes. Smoking and oral contraceptive may be risk factors. It was reported that the deficiency of vitamin A, vitamin C, carotene and folic acid may be related with cervical cancer.

Symptoms and Diagnoses

Cervical cancer is frequently generated in the pluripara aged 45 to 55, and its typical symptom is postcoital elytrorrhagia or postmenopausal elytrorrhagia. Hemorrhage is increased in proportion as the lesion is developed. Leucorrhea with fetor, abdominal pains or melosalgia may be arisen. In case cancer cells are metastasized into the urinary bladder or the rectum, dysuria, hematuria and constipation may be arisen. The same as the precancerous lesion of the uterine cervix, it can be diagnosed by cytodiagnosis or colposcopy. In case of need, biopsy is performed.

Treatment

Cervical cancer is basically treated by surgical operations and radiotherapy. The surgical operation is performed at the early stage. In the case of the young women whose ovarian and sexual functions should be protected, it is desirable to perform surgical operations. Likewise, surgical operations are applied to the cases where a pregnant woman got cervical cancer or to the cases where intestinal inflammations or pelivic inflammations is accompanied with cervical cancer. In case cervical cancer is developed into the middle stage, radiotherapy should be performed in consideration of metastasis. As the probability of its relapse reaches about 90 percent despite medical treatment, the follow-up should be periodically performed. In case weight loss, serious crural edema, pelvic aches, crural aches and iliac aches are arisen, medical examination should be performed as it is likely to be relapsed. Although special symptoms are not shown, it is necessary for the childbearing women who began to have sexual intercourse to undergo cytodiagnosis once half-yearly. Medical treatment is desirable to be performed at the precancerous lesion.

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Lung Cancer

Diagnosis

1. The mass (bump) in the hilar or paraseptal pulmonary parenchyma is shaded on the chest X-ray photograph. Also, the atelectasis and pneumonia caused by bronchial obstruction, mediastinal lymphaednopathy and pleural effusion fluid are accompanied with lung cancer in the progress of the disease. In some cases, lung cancer is needed to be distinguished from pulmonary cystoma, pulmonary tuberculosis or pulmonary abscess, due to the necrosis of the mass.

2. CT is very useful to analyze the cancer position, progress and the proliferation of mediastinal lymph nodes.

3. Sptum cytology is effective to diagnose lung cancer through squamous ephithelial cell.

4. Bronchoscopy is necessary for all the patients who show symptoms of lung cancer. Lung cancer can be correctly diagnosed by biopsy, and is of help to delimit surgical resection.

5. Percutaneous needle aspiration is used in case the bronchoscope is difficult to reach the mass as it is laid at the end of the lung. Its diagnosis rate reaches about 90 percent, but a complication such as pneumothorax and bloody phlegm may be arisen.

Treatment

1. The curability of surgical operations is highest in remedying lung cancer, but it is applied to about 30 percent of patients because the 70 percent miss the opportunity of surgical operations. Prognosis remarkably becomes different as to the progress of lung cancer, and so it has been reported that the primary cancer indicates the recovery rate between 70 and 80 percent and the secondary cancer is between 40 and 45 percent and the tertiary cancer is between 15 and 25 percent. Consequently, it is important for patients to undergo medical treatments between primary or secondary stage. Specifically, periodic checkup and early diagnosis is critical to remedy lung cancer. In the case of the aged and those who have cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, postoperative recovery may take a long time but they have no difficulty in undergoing surgical operations. For more information, refer to ‘Attached File 1’.

2. Anticancer medicines are used for the patients diagnosed with small cell lung cancer, who account for about 20 percent of lung cancer. On the other hand, in the case of non-small cell lung cancer accounting for 80 percent, anticancer medicines are used in combination with other treatments because it is not effective for non-small cell lung cancer as well as lumpectomy is more effective. Anticancer medicine-centered remedy is used for the lung cancer in the 4th stage that shows distant metastasis. High-efficacy medicines have been continuously developed, and those are expected to go a long way with such patients.

3. Radiotherapy
A. With regard to small cell lung cancer, the range of irradiation is effectively delimited as to the progress of cancer.
B. The radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer is largely divided into fives.
- Radical Radiotherapy: It is ordinarily irradiated to lymph nodes or the lesion of the lungs. This radiotherapy is performed once a day and five times a week, and so 6,000 to 6,500cGy of radial rays are irradiated covering 6 to 7 weeks. Recently, radial rays have been irradiated twice a day through multi-fraction radiotherapy.
- Preoperative Radiotherapy: This is effective to remedy superior sulcus carcinoma.
- Postoperative Radiotherapy: This is used in case cancer is metastasized into hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes.
- Palliative Radiotherapy: This is used for superior vena caval syndrome, the pooling of pericardial or pleural fluid, the damage of chest wall, ideomotor abnormality and the ache caused by brain metastasis.
- Preventive Radiotherapy: This is used to prevent cancer cells from being metastasized into the brain.

4. GenetherapyAs molecular biology has been remarkably developed, causal genes have been found out in various genetic diseases and so the defect of causal genes are expected to be corrected as well as problematic genes are expected to be replaced by sound ones. In particular, genetherapy has been actively applied to cancer and AIDS, and in result, various genetic abnormalities have been gradually clarified through the gene that proliferates cancer cells, the gene that inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells, the gene that is able to recover the defect of DNA, the gene that interferes metastasis and infiltration, tumor marker factors and otherwise. Genetherapy, which applies such characteristics of genetic abnormalities to remedy, is expected to effectively remedy lung cancer. However, it is on a tentative stage yet and also therapeutic method, efficacy and safety are not secured as yet.

5. ImmunotherapyThe human body has two kinds of immune bodies against cancer cells or foreign substances. One is the specific immunomechanism that attacks the tumor-specific antigen or the tumor-associated antigen on the surface of the cancer cell membrane. Another is the non-specific immunomechanism that detects the change of autologous somatic cells and attacks such cells. Such immunocytes are composed of T helper cells, cell-hindrance T cells and natural killer cells. Immunotherapy is to inject such cells into the human body or the tumor in order that the immunity to cancer may be strengthened and that the tumor may be gone down, but its effect is not satisfactory yet.

6. Endoscopic Laser SurgeryThe endoscopic YAG laser is used to urgently open up the airway in case more than half of the airway is obstructed by a tumor, but hemorrhage or perforation may be arisen. The superficial tumor, which has the inside diameter of 2cm and downward and which is being in the bronchus within the range of the bronchoscope, can be remedied by endoscopic photodynamic therapy.

Preventions

It is most important to stop smoking to prevent lung cancer, and polluted air is needed to be purified at state levels. Likewise, the adults aged 50 and upward are needed to undergo the chest X-ray examination once a year.

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Esophageal Cancer

Outline
Esophageal cancer is a tumor that is generated on the esophagus. The risk of esophageal cancer is heightened in case it is exposed to smoking, excessive drinking and Barret’s esophagitis for a long time. Patients are difficult to swallow solids, and feel pains. It can be diagnosed by esophagography and endosopy-based biopsy. Medical treatment becomes different as to tumor size, position, metastasis, and patient’s physical condition and age.

Examinations
- Image Analysis: Chest X-Ray Examination, Esophagus and Stomach X-Ray Examination, and Esophagoscopy
- Biopsy: Esophageal Biopsy

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Colon Cancer

Outline
Colon cancer is a malignant tumor that is generated on the inner wall of the colon. Heredity, adenomatous polyposis and ulcerative colitis are regarded as the risk factors of colon cancer. As adenomatous polyposis and early colon cancer do not show symptoms, medical checkup should be periodically undergone. The surgical operation is the best therapy.

Examinations
- Clinicopathological Examination: Fecal Occult Blood Test, and Cytoscopy
- Biopsy: Biopsy and Cytoscopy
- Image Analysis: X-Ray Examination, Endoscopy, X-Ray Examination, Ultrasonography, and CT Scan

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Health Check-up_Over night premium program

Health Check-up_Over night premium program

This prestigious program provides patients with a very comfortable and cozy VIP room for overnight visit.Expert medical technicians make early diagnoses of diseases using state-of-the-art precision medical equipment.
Over night cancer premium program	This program focuses on the early diagnosis of major cancers using the up-to-date PET system. The innovative PET System is crucial for the diagnosis of cancers in their early stages, enabled by its ability to give outstanding clarity and precise images. * Males Basic program Nuclear medicine: PET Intensive test of the brain: brain MRI (brain, angiography: contrast) Intensive test of the lungs: chest CT scan Intensive test of the digestive system: abdominal CT scan, sedative endoscopy (stomach, colon) Intensive test for male diseases: prostate ultrasonography Intensive test of the endocrine system: thyroid ultrasonography * Females Basic program Nuclear medicine: PET Intensive test of the brain: brain MRI (brain, angiography: contrast) Intensive test of the lungs: chest CT scan Intensive tests of the digestive system: abdominal CT scan, sedative endoscopy (stomach, colon) Intensive tests for gynecologic diseases: breast ultrasonography, gynecologic ultrasonography, bone densitometry, test for cervical cancer virus (HPV DNA) Intensive test of the endocrine system: thyroid ultrasonography
Over night comprehensive program	This is the most comprehensive and systemic program which focuses on the early detection of major cancers and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke and myocardial infarction. * Males Basic program Nuclear medicine: PET Intensive tests of the brain: brain MRI (brain, angiography: contrast), carotid artery ultrasonography, transcranial Doppler (TCD), test for atherosclerosis Intensive tests of the heart: echocardiography, coronary artery CT scan Intensive test of the lungs: chest CT scan Intensive tests of the digestive system: abdominal CT scan, sedative endoscopy (stomach, colon) Intensive test for male disease: prostate ultrasonography Intensive test of the endocrine system: thyroid ultrasonography * Females Basic program Nuclear medicine: PET Intensive tests of the brain: brain MRI (brain, angiography: contrast), carotid artery ultrasonography, transcranial Doppler (TCD), test for atherosclerosis Intensive tests of the heart: echocardiography, coronary artery CT scan Intensive test of the lungs: chest CT scan Intensive tests of the digestive system: abdominal CT scan, sedative endoscopy (stomach, colon) Intensive test for male disease: prostate ultrasonography Intensive tests for gynecologic diseases: breast ultrasonography, gynecologic ultrasonography, bone densitometry, test for cervical cancer virus (HPV DNA), X-ray of cervical and lumbar spine, knees, shoulder Intensive test of the endocrine system: thyroid ultrasonography

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Health Check-up_One Day premium program

Health Check-up_One Day premium program

This is the most comprehensive and intensive health examination program designed for the detection of major cancers in their early stages and systemic circulation-related diseases. This ultramodern health examination system minimizes wait time (one stop flow) as only a single day is required to finish the entire examination.
ONE DAY premium A	Estimated duration of the test: approximately 8 hours * Males Basic program Intensive tests of the brain: brain MRI (brain, angiography: contrast), carotid artery ultrasonography, test for atherosclerosis Intensive test of the heart: echocardiography Intensive test of the lungs: chest CT scan Intensive tests of the digestive system: abdominal CT scan, sedative endoscopy (stomach, colon) Intensive test for male disease: prostate ultrasonography Intensive test of the endocrine system: thyroid ultrasonography * Females Basic program Intensive tests of the brain: brain MRI (brain, angiography: contrast), carotid artery ultrasonography, test for atherosclerosis Intensive test of the heart: echocardiography Intensive test of the lungs: chest CT scan Intensive tests of the digestive system: abdominal CT scan, sedative endoscopy (stomach, colon) Intensive tests for gynecologic diseases: breast ultrasonography, gynecologic ultrasonography, bone densitometry, test for cervical cancer (HPV DNA), Intensive test of the endocrine system: thyroid ultrasonography
ONE DAY premium B	The ONE DAY premium A package plus a coronary artery CT scanEstimated time for the entire test: approximately 8 hours * Males Basic program Intensive tests of the brain: brain MRI (brain, angiography: contrast), carotid artery ultrasonography, test for atherosclerosis Intensive test of the heart: echocardiography + coronary artery CT scan Intensive test of the lungs: chest CT scan Intensive tests of the digestive system: abdominal CT scan, sedative endoscopy (stomach, colon) Intensive test for male disease: prostate ultrasonography Intensive test of the endocrine system: thyroid ultrasonography * Females Basic program Intensive tests of the brain: brain MRI (brain, angiography: contrast), carotid artery ultrasonography, test for atherosclerosis Intensive test of the heart: echocardiography + coronary artery CT scan Intensive test of the lungs: chest CT scan Intensive tests of the digestive system: abdominal CT scan, sedative endoscopy (stomach, colon) Intensive tests for gynecologic diseases: breast ultrasonography, gynecologic ultrasonography, bone densitometry, test for cervical cancer virus (HPV DNA), Intensive test for endocrine system: thyroid ultrasonography

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Health Check-up_Age-specific programs

Health Check-up_Age-specific programs

This is a comprehensive health examination designed for adults who are the age of 30 or above. Age-specific programs focus on the most prevalent diseases according to thetarget age group and gender. This program, accompanied with an organ-specific health examination, is recommended for those who wish to cover the entire spectrum.
Green	* For those of the ages 30-40* Early diagnosis of progressing chronic illnesses in youth and middle-age Particular consideration is given to stomach, liver, and lung cancer, atherosclerosis, and heart disease in males and stomach, breast, thyroid, and cervical cancer, along with osteoporosis in females* Males : basic program with carotid artery ultrasonography, low-dose chest CT scan, echocardiography * Females : basic program with thyroid ultrasonography, breast ultrasonography, gynecologic ultrasonography, cervical cancer test, bone densitometry
Gold	* For the ages of 40~50 years old * Early detection of metabolic syndrome, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in the prime of life* Lung cancer and prostate disease in males; osteoporosis and gynecologic disease in females* Males : the basic program plus a coronary artery CT scan, echocardiography, carotid artery ultrasonography, chest CT scan, prostate ultrasonography, sedative endoscopy (stomach and colon)* Females : the basic program plus a coronary artery CT scan, echocardiography, carotid artery ultrasonography, thyroid ultrasonography, breast ultrasonography, gynecologic ultrasonography, bone densitometry, cervical cancer virus (HPV) test, sedative endoscopy (stomach and colon)
Silver	* For those over 60 * The diagnosis and management of chronic ailments and circulatory diseases (brain, cardiovascular) enabling patients to live a healthy and pleasant life * Males : the basic program along with a brain MRI (brain, angiography: non contrast), carotid artery ultrasonography, low-dose chest CT scan, echocardiography, prostate ultrasonography, sedative endoscopy (stomach and colon)* Females : the basic program with an additional brain MRI (brain, angiography: non contrast), carotid artery ultrasonography, low dose chest CT scan, echocardiography, bone densitometry, sedative endoscopy (stomach, colon)

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Health Check-up_The Basic program,additional tests,and customized programs

Health Check-up_The Basic program,additional tests,and customized programs

The basic program is designed for the early detection and even prevention of adult diseases. We strongly recommend a program of routine check-ups, even for those who have minimal to no health problems, as prevention is the best way to ensure a healthy lifestyle in the present and future.
Males	Test	Details
	Basic	blood pressure, obesity, urine and stool examinations, audiometry, ophthalmologic test (fundus, intraocular pressure, etc.)
	Blood chemistry	cholesterol, renal function, liver function, hepatitis B and C, diabetes, thyroid function, gout, electrolytes, syphilis, AIDS, various infectious diseases, anemia evaluation, coagulation test, blood type
	Tumor markers	liver, pancreas, colon, prostate cancer
	Pulmonary system	chest X-ray, pulmonary function test
	Cardiovascular system	electrocardiography
	Gastrointestinal system	abdominal ultrasonography, gastroscopy or upper GI
	Dental	dental examination, panoramic view X-ray
	Oriental medicine	tests for pulse, stress, and peripheral blood circulation
	Medical consultation	medical consultation following the test results(including dental and oriental medicine), dietary and nutritional consultation)
Females	Basic	blood pressure, obesity, urine and stool examinations, audiometry, ophthalmologic test (fundus, intraocular pressure, etc.)
	Blood chemistry	cholesterol, renal function, liver function, hepatitis B and C, diabetes, thyroid function, gout, electrolytes, syphilis, AIDS, various infectious diseases, anemia evaluation, coagulation test, blood type
	Tumor markers	liver, pancreas, colon, prostate cancer
	Pulmonary system	chest X-ray, pulmonary function test
	Cardiovascular system	electrocardiography
	Gastrointestinal system	abdominal ultrasonography, gastroscopy or upper GI
	Dental	dental examination, panoramic view X-ray
	Oriental medicine	tests for pulse, stress, and peripheral blood circulation
	Medical consultation	medical consultation following the test results (including dental and oriental medicine), dietary and nutritional consultation)
	Gynecologic disease	mammography, test for cervix cancer
Additional Tests	PET Test	full body, body and brain Reservation required
	Intensive test of the brain (stroke)	brain MRI, brain MRI with angiography, cervical angiography, brain CT scan, carotid ultrasonography, brain circulation test, test for atherosclerosis Reservation required
	Intensive test of the heart	coronary artery CT scan, echocardiography, stress echocardiography Reservation required
	Intensive test of the lungs	Chest CT scan
	Intensive test of the digestive system	abdominal CT scan colonoscopy or CT-aided colon study Reservation required
	Intensive test for gynecologic disease	breast ultrasonography, vaginal ultrasonography, test for HPV, cervicography female hormone test, test for iron deficient anemia, test for rubella
	Intensive test for male disease	prostate ultrasonography Reservation required
	Intensive test for endocrine disease	thyroid ultrasonography, bone densitometry
	Intensive test for hepatitis B	antigen and antibody for HBe, titer of HBV (PCR)
	Others	cervical, lumbar, knee, shoulder X-ray
	Extra charges might be incurred for Helicobacter pylori test, biopsy, and sedation in endoscopic tests. Please consult our staff for further information.
Customized Programs	Our medical experts will plan specialized health examination programs according to each individual customer’s condition (including, but not limited to age, gender, family history, and life style) through extensive consultation.* Includes the basic program + additional tests customized for individual patients (intensive tests of the brain, heart, lungs, etc.)

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Health Check-up_Medical and Oriental comprehensive health examination

Health Check-up_Medical and Oriental comprehensive health examination

Medical and Oriental comprehensive health examination

The leading professors of medicine and oriental medicine proudly introduce a customized program based on an individual’s constitution using state-of-the-art precision medical equipment.

Medical consultation

Our services not only include face-to-face consultations concerning test results, but also entail life style modifications, disease prevention and regular check-ups in order to improve the quality of life for all our patients. Consultation is available at each customer’s convenience via visitation, telephone, the Internet and mail.

Referral system

Medical experts make early diagnoses of diseases based on accumulated experience and reliability, promptly referring patients to relevant specialists.

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Health Check-up_intensive program

Health Check-up_intensive program

These programs are designed for an intensive and complete check-up of specific diseases such as major cancers and brain and cardiovascular disease in their early stages - diseases particularly common among the Korean population.
Cerebrovascular system	* Focused on cerebrovascular disease, which is the 2ndmost common cause of death in the Korean population * Diagnosis of stroke and carotid artery stenosis, estimation of the condition of blood vessels * Male/female : basic program, brain MRI (brain, angiography: contrast), carotid artery ultrasonography, and a test for atherosclerosis
Dementia	* For the early detection and prevention of the development of dementia * Male/female : basic program, special evaluation for dementia, specific tests for depression and anxiety
Cardiovascular system	* Focused on cardiovascular diseases* Detection of angina, myocardial infarction, estimation of blood vessel condition * Male/female : basic program, coronary artery CT scan, echocardiography, test for atherosclerosis
Digestive system	* Designed for the early detection and prevention of digestive cancer, an ailment that is predominant in the Korean population. * Early and more accurate diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer (the stomach, colon, esophagus, gall bladder, and pancreas) * Male/female : basic program, abdominal CT scan, sedative endoscopy (stomach and colon)
Gynecologic disease	* A health examination program for various gynecologic diseases, such as breast cancer, thyroid cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and osteoporosis * Includes the basic program, thyroid ultrasonography, breast ultrasonography, gynecologic ultrasonography, bone densitometry, test for cervical cancer virus (HPV DNA), X-ray of cervical and lumbar spine, knees, female hormone panel, test for iron-deficiency anemia
Marriage Preparation	* A program designed for couples that are engaged or recently married for the prevention of chronic disease * Males : basic program * Females : basic program + testing for rubella (antibody IgM, IgG)
Adolescent program	* Health examination for young children and adolescents * Male and female : physical examination, dental exam, obesity, urine examination, ophthalmologic test, audiometry, abdominal ultrasonography, blood chemistry (blood type, anemia, liver function, renal function, cholesterol, blood glucose, hepatitis panel), epiphysis plate evaluation, electrocardiography, constitution analysis, oriental-medicine examination

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Cosmetic Procedure_Botox Injection / Hair Transplantation / Filler Injection

Botox Injection / Hair Transplantation / Filler Injection

Procedure	Cost($)	operation time	minimal recovery time
double eyelid surgery (non incision)	750-1400	750-1400	2d
double eyelid surgery (incision)	900-1550	900-1550	5d
to increase the length of the inner part of the eye	400-750	400-750	5d
to increase the length of the outer part of the eye	400-750	400-750	7d
to tighten lower eyelid	900-1200	900-1200	5d
fat removal(baggy lower eyelid)through the conjunctiva	600-900	600-900	2d
eyelid wrinkle surgery(Upper blepharoplasty)	900-1550	900-1550	5d
eyelid wrinkle surgery(Lower blepharoplasty)	900-1550	900-1550	5d
ptosis correction	1400-1700	1400-1700	5d
revisional double eyelid surgery(non incision)	900-1550	900-1550	2d
revisional double eyelid surgery(incision)	1550-2300	1550-2300	5d
fat injection (upper eyelid)	600-900	600-900	5d

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Cosmetic Procedure_Fat Injection

Cosmetic Procedure_Fat Injection

Procedure	Cost($)	operation time	minimal recovery time
micro fat graft (full face)	1900-2700	1hr~30min
micro fat graft (forehead)	1400-1700	1hr	7d
micro fat graft (paranasal sinus)	800-1550	30min	7d
micro fat graft (cheek)	1150-1900	1hr	7d
micro fat graft (hip)	3000-3800	1hr	7d

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Cosmetic Procedure_Breast Surgery

Cosmetic Procedure_Breast Surgery

Procedure	Cost($)	operation time	minimal recovery time
Breast Enlargement - Cohesive Gel	3800-5800	1hr	7-10d
Breast Enlargement - Normal Saline	3100-4600	1hr	7-10d
Breast Enlargement - Re-op. with Cohesive gel	6200-7300	2hr	7-10d
Breast Enlargement - Re-op. with Normal Saline	5800-6200	2hr	7-10d
Breast reduction - Areolar Incision	4600-5400	2hr	7-10d
Breast reduction - T Incision	5400-6200	2hr	7-10d
Breast reduction - Vertical Incision	5400-6200	2hr	7-10d
Breast reduction - Underline Incision	5000-5800	2hr	7-10d
Accessory Breat	1150-1550	30min	7-10d
Areolar Reduction	1550-1900	1hr	7-10d
Crrection of inverted nipple	800-1150	30min	7-10d
Re-op. Crrection of inverted nipple	1150-1550	1hr	7-10d
Nipple Reduction	1550-1900	30min	7-10d

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Cosmetic Procedure_Body contouring

Cosmetic Procedure_Body contouring

Procedure	Cost($)	operation time	minimal recovery time
liposuction(thighs)	3500-5500	3hr	7d
liposuction(hips)	1550-2300	1hr	7d
liposuction(lower abdomen)	1550-2300	1hr	7d
liposuction(upper+lower abdomen)	2700-3850	2hr	7d
liposuction(upper+lower+flanks)	3100-4600	3hr	7d
liposuction(back)	600-1000	1hr	7d
liposuction(upper arms)	1550-2300	1hr	7d
liposuction(cheeks)	600-1000	30min	4d
liposuction(calves)	1550-2300	1hr	7d
muscle of calves reduction(neurectomy)	1550-3100	1hr	7d
abdominoplasty	5000-8000	4hr.Up	7-10d
hip augmentation(implant)	5000-6900	2hr	10d
hip augmentation(fat graft)	3100-3850	1hr	7d

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Cosmetic Procedure_Facial Contouring

Cosmetic Procedure_Facial Contouring

Procedure	Cost($)	operation time	minimal recovery time
nasal augmentation	1550-2300	1hr	7d
nasal reduction	1900-3000	1hr	7d
the tip of the nose augmentation	1150-1550	50min	7d
the hump of the nose reduction	1550-2300	40min	7d
correction of deviated nose	2300-3000	1hr	7d
correction of aquiline nose	2300-3000	1hr	7d
short nose extension	1900-3000	1hr	7d
the wings of the nose reduction	600-900	30 min	7d
revisional rhino plasty	2300-3000	1hr-2hrs	7d

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Cosmetic Procedure_Nose

Cosmetic Procedure_Nose

Procedure	Cost($)	operation time	minimal recovery time
nasal augmentation	1550-2300	1hr	7d
nasal reduction	1900-3000	1hr	7d
the tip of the nose augmentation	1150-1550	50min	7d
the hump of the nose reduction	1550-2300	40min	7d
correction of deviated nose	2300-3000	1hr	7d
correction of aquiline nose	2300-3000	1hr	7d
short nose extension	1900-3000	1hr	7d
the wings of the nose reduction	600-900	30 min	7d
revisional rhino plasty	2300-3000	1hr-2hrs	7d

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Cosmetic Procedure_Eye

Cosmetic Procedure_Eye

Procedure	Cost($)	operation time	minimal recovery time
double eyelid surgery (non incision)	750-1400	30 min	2d
double eyelid surgery (incision)	900-1550	50 min	5d
to increase the length of the inner part of the eye	400-750	30 min	5d
to increase the length of the outer part of the eye	400-750	30 min	7d
to tighten lower eyelid	900-1200	40 min	5d
fat removal(baggy lower eyelid)through the conjunctiva	600-900	40 min	2d
eyelid wrinkle surgery(Upper blepharoplasty)	900-1550	40 min	5d
eyelid wrinkle surgery(Lower blepharoplasty)	900-1550	40 min	5d
ptosis correction	1400-1700	1hr	5d
revisional double eyelid surgery(non incision)	900-1550	30 min	2d
revisional double eyelid surgery(incision)	1550-2300	30 min	5d
fat injection (upper eyelid)	600-900	30 min	5d

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Eye Procedure_Presbyopia surgery

Eye Procedure_Presbyopia surgery

Procedure	Contents		Cost($)	operation time
Cataract	What is cataract?	Eye’s structure and principle are similar with camera, and among them, eye’s crystalline lens is that of camera’s lens. As camera’s lens becomes corrupted, picture’s resolution is lowered, if our eye’s crystalline lens becomes turbid, light cannot reach eye well, so object become blur. Turbidness in the eye’s crystalline lens because of such various reasons is called cataract.	1900-2300(one side)	1 hour
	Symptoms	Decline of eyesight- does not involve pain or inflammation Double vision- when watched with one eye open (rather than seen with two eyes)Day blindness- eyesight lowered in lighter area Dazzle
	Surgery method	Cataract Supersonic Wave Surgery After eye lotion anesthesia or throat anesthesia, surgery is taking place by opening a 3mm of incision hole and operation starts. After operation ends, it is not sutured, so recovery of eyesight is very fast and induction of astigmatism is rare. Through the incision hole, cover of lens that wraps cataract is cut circularly and by using supersonic wave that moves forty thousand times per sec to cut the strong cataract lump into smaller pieces and remove from eyes and then artificial crystalline lens is inserted. Artificial crystalline lens fits to human body and acts like original crystalline lens permanently on the location. Recently, folded artificial crystalline lens and anti-ultra violet artificial crystalline lens are developed for individual status of patient.
	Surgery process	1.After sclera of the eye is incised, eyewash is poured to protect front tissue 2.To remove turbid crystalline lens, upper part of crystalline lens cyst is incised 3.The turbid crystalline lens nucleus of cyst is removed completely 4.In order to make insertion of artificial crystalline lens easier, cohesive material is inserted and original shape is reconstructed 5.Inside crystalline lens cyst, artificial crystalline lens is inserted

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Eye Procedure_Dream lens/RGP lens

Eye Procedure_Dream lens/RGP lens

Eyesight correction surgery such as Excimer Laser or Lasik cut cornea’s protrude part flat to correct sight, but no-surgery eyesight correction by using dream lens push the center of cornea by necessary degree (sphericalization, transforming cornea to a sphere-like shape), so myopia and astigmatism are corrected.
Procedure	Contents		Cost($)	operation time
Dream lens	Correction method	To correct myopia and astigmatism by pushing the center of cornea by desired degree (Sphericalization, to transform cornea to sphere like shape)	600-1000(both sides)	2 hours for test
	Advantage	Available to wear: two years 1. Safe Specially produced lens at requested degree push the center of cornea by desired degree without surgery to correct eyesight, so it is safe treatment without worry over damage to cornea or destroying tissue If bad result expected reversibly or unsatisfactory result expected, just interruption of treatment could turn the condition back to original so there is no need to worry side effect during treatment Meticulous tests such as slit lamp microscope test, cornea curvature test, cornea form test and cornea dyeing test go through to make custom-made lens, so treatment does not accompany excessiveness during treatment In case of children, parents’ control is possible, and since possibility of losing lens or wearing down 2. Free Free activity after treatment without need to wear glasses or lens whole day Dream lens is custom-made lens and made to meet individual eyes’ needs, so treatment time is reduced In a few days, improvement of eyesight can be felt It is effective to slow down the progress of myopia
RGP lens	Correction method	RGP lens, made of chemical compound of silicon and fluoride is a lens that breathes since oxygen is infused through material. By providing enough oxygen to cornea, congestion or keratitis due to wearing previous hard lens (PMMA lens) or soft lens does not appear.	120-230(both sides)	2 hours for test
	Advantage	Available to wear: 2 years Effective in correction of eyesight Safe to eyes since permeability of oxygen is high Xerophthalmia is rare For higher than mid-level astigmatism, correction effectiveness is excellent Lens care is convenient Comfortable to wear for a long time Safety and durability of lens material is good, so economically efficient Correction on irregular cornea or after surgery is possible Progress of myopia is restricted

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Eye Procedure_Lasek

Eye Procedure_Lasek

Contents		Cost($)	operation time
Surgery method	By using special medicinal water, 50 micron of section of cornea epithelium is made Laser is deposited with desired degree, cornea is cut Cornea section is placed on the original location	1000-1250	half to 1 hour + two hours of pre-surgery examination
Pain	No pain during surgery due to eye lotion anesthesia Pain possible for 24 hours after surgery
Recovery of sight	Eyesight recovers gradually after three to four days since surgery
Recuperation period	For about 2 to 4 months
Advantage	Serious myopia with thin cornea can have surgeryㆍSurgery possible for small eyes Blur of cornea or after-surgery pain is less than excimer laser surgery (PRK) Strong against after-surgery shock, so easy to manage
Disadvantage	More after-surgery pain than LASIK Eyesight recovery is slower than LASIK Surgery is more difficult
Preparation before surgery	Before surgery, for soft lens, one week and for hard lens 2 or 3 weeks are to be lens-free period so that cornea can come back to normal status as before wearing lens Avoid drinking or working too hard the day before surgery and also avoid too much use of computer, reading and watching TV Shower and bathing are possible several days after surgery so please take a shower right before the surgery For women, please do not do eye make-up on before coming for surgery Permanent wave or hair coloring is available after one month so do it before Please arrive at the hospital 30 minutes before the surgery appointment To avoid hair to touch eye after surgery, bring pins, hair band or cap Wearing sunglasses right after surgery to prevent light or ultraviolet light can be helpful for recover It is very difficult to ride a car right after surgery, so please accompany with a driver in case of brining car
Requirements after surgery	After surgery when putting eye-lotion, it is possible to have reinfection by virus if hand touches eye, so please wash hand with soap Back to work is possible after three to five days, but if the nature of job requires delicate eyesight, it could be more than two weeks to go back to work Eye wash is basically used on the day of surgery and please use following the eye wash description provided after surgery For two weeks after the end of surgery, please use eye bandage provided by the hospital for sleep and sleep straight, don’t rub the eye. From the date of surgery to one week after, do not let water drop into eye and wash face with wet towel and wash hair lying Go to public bath after one week of surgery, and sauna or swim can be possible after four weeks Basic make-up is available after three days, and eye shadow or mascara is possible after two weeks Permanent wave is available after one month and hair coloring after two months Please avoid reading books too long, watching TV or computer and driving long distance until full recovery Exercise such as ball game, swimming or sauna is available after one month Wearing sunglasses to prevent strong light or ultraviolet light is very helpful for the eyes Do not let the eyes touch something and avoid closing eyes too hard Drive carefully for the first few days after surgery and when glare is too much at night consult with the doctor Food is not restricted, but please avoid coffee, cola, tea, or other caffeinated drinks and liquor for lower secretion of tear Vitamin C helps recovery, so 1000mg per day for three month is suggested For drinking, it increases chance to rub the eyes or injury, so please avoid drinking for three weeks

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Eye Procedure_Lasik

Eye Procedure_Lasik

Contents		Cost($)	operation time
Surgery method	Micro-cornea cutter is used to make 90 to 160 micron cornea section Cut cornea by deposing laser with necessary degree. Place the cornea section on the original location	1000-1250	half to 1 hour + two hours of pre-surgery examination
Pain	No pain due to eye-lotion anesthesia during surgery Surgery gone after 4 to 5 hours since surgery
Recovery of sight	Recovery to 70 to 80% of the desired sight next day
Recuperation period	About one to three months
Advantage	Recovery of sight is fast and observation period after surgery is short Surgery possible for serious myopia Almost no pain Almost no blur
Disadvantage	Experience is required for surgery Need to be careful after surgery to avoid eye injury
Preparation before surgery	Before surgery, for soft lens, one week and for hard lens 2 or 3 weeks are to be lens-free period so that cornea can come back to normal status as before wearing lens Avoid drinking or working too hard the day before surgery and also avoid too much use of computer, reading and watching TV Shower and bathing are possible several days after surgery so please take a shower right before the surgeryFor women, please do not do eye make-up on before coming for surgeryPermanent wave or hair coloring is available after one month so do it beforePlease arrive at the hospital 30 minutes before the surgery appointmentTo avoid hair to touch eye after surgery, bring pins, hair band or capWearing sunglasses right after surgery to prevent light or ultraviolet light can be helpful for recoveryIt is very difficult to ride a car right after surgery, so please accompany with a driver in case of brining car
Requirements after surgery	Before surgery, for soft lens, one week and for hard lens 2 or 3 weeks are to be lens-free period so that cornea can come back to normal status as before wearing lensAvoid drinking or working too hard the day before surgery and also avoid too much use of computer, reading and watching TVShower and bathing are possible several days after surgery so please take a shower right before the surgeryFor women, please do not do eye make-up on before coming for surgeryPermanent wave or hair coloring is available after one month so do it beforePlease arrive at the hospital 30 minutes before the surgery appointmentTo avoid hair to touch eye after surgery, bring pins, hair band or capWearing sunglasses right after surgery to prevent light or ultraviolet light can be helpful for recoveryIt is very difficult to ride a car right after surgery, so please accompany with a driver in case of brining carRequirements after surgeryAfter surgery when putting eye-lotion, it is possible to have reinfection by virus if hand touches eye, so please wash hand with soapBack to work is possible after three to five days, but if the nature of job requires delicate eyesight, it could be more than two weeks to go back to workEye wash is basically used on the day of surgery and please use following the eye wash description provided after surgeryFor two weeks after the end of surgery, please use eye bandage provided by the hospital for sleep and sleep straight, don’t rub the eye.From the date of surgery to one week after, do not let water drop into eye and wash face with wet towel and wash hair lyingGo to public bath after one week of surgery, and sauna or swim can be possible after four weeksBasic make-up is available after three days, and eye shadow or mascara is possible after two weeksPermanent wave is available after one month and hair coloring after two monthsPlease avoid reading books too long, watching TV or computer and driving long distance until full recoveryExercise such as ball game, swimming or sauna is available after one monthWearing sunglasses to prevent strong light or ultraviolet light is very helpful for the eyesDo not let the eyes touch something and avoid closing eyes too hardDrive carefully for the first few days after surgery and when glare is too much at night consult with the doctorFood is not restricted, but please avoid coffee, cola, tea, or other caffeinated drinks and liquor for lower secretion of tearVitamin C helps recovery, so 1000mg per day for three month is suggestedFor drinking, it increases chance to rub the eyes or injury, so please avoid drinking for three weeks

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Dental Procedure

Dental Procedure

Procedure	Contents	Cost$	operation time	Frequency
Laminate	This is to grind tooth and to attach a flake of ceramic shaped like an artificial nail. Laminate grinds an outside wall of tooth about 0.5mm-0.7mm and attaches a tooth-like plate, which became thin by porcelain, on the tooth to adjust the shape, size or color of bad teeth and to fill up the gap between teeth. It is called as a preservation treatment due to little quantity of the grinding, and an aesthetic dental surgery.	350-500 per unit	1 : 1 hr.	2-3 times
			2-4 : 1hr. 30min.-2 hrs.
			4-6 : 2 hrs. - 3hrs.
			It is different between the number and the condition of teeth.
Scaling	Scaling is to scale tartar or dental plague from the teeth with scaling tools and to wipe the surface with dentists’ toothpaste. It gives you fresh feeling with smooth teeth. You don’t need to worry about its pain. In the initial period of tartar, scaling doesn’t give you feel pain. In the case of advanced tartar, some part may be tingled from scaling. For heavy tingling sensations, we perform an operation under an anesthesia, which removes tingle or pain totally. In the case of much tartar, some may feel cold to cold or warm things after scaling, because tartar gnawed into the gums and exposed the roots. Recovery time will be 1-2mon. and you should abstain from cold or hot things. It is recommended that normal gum has scaling per 6mon. and gum disease has scaling per 3-4mon.	30-60	45-60 Min.	1 time
Whitening	It is to improve teeth color, to enhance its brightness, and to remove factors affecting the Color of Teeth. 1. Professional whitening: This operation is carried out four times to change coloring matters into white with high concentration chemicals and special light without teeth damage. In a short period, you can get careful and uniform whitening. It is called as a celebrity whitening due to white and transparent teeth like a celebrity. 2. Self-whitening: You spread whitening medicine to a customized teeth frame and put on it for 2-4 weeks. Combination of Self-whitening and professional whitening increases effectiveness.	350-800	2 hrs.	2 times
The treatment for Tooth Decay	Gold Inlay: Gold with enough intensity can be used to a wide range of tooth decay or molar having strong chewing power. It is not harm to health or not corrodes, and has similar characters with natural teeth.	300-500	1hr.	1-2 times
	Resin Inlay: Resin Inlay has similar functions with Gold inlay and same color with teeth so that it is aesthetically excellent. Reinforced plastics without harm to health can be attached to decay or the broken part of the tooth. This is the most popular operation in recent days.	300-500
Implant	In the case of missing tooth, artificial tooth can be inserted into the existing tooth socket to give aesthetic view and functions, without adjacent tooth removal or displacement. It is called as Implant operation. So far, in the case of missing some teeth, teeth removed from both sides were inserted or for many, you have a false tooth put in; but Implant broadened treatment options. A root-like metal material transplanted to jaw bone and fixed, and artificial teeth such as fixed crown attached to it to recover the same function and sense as original teeth and to earn excellent authentic results.	1000-2300 Per unit	1hr. 30min.-2 hrs.	3Mon. - 6Mon.
Gum operation	With even or white teeth, the shape or color takes important part in beautiful smile. Fat gum or gum covering over teeth gives tight feeling and broken gum balance makes an awkward smile. To improve the shape or the color, you may consider gum operation.Gum operation consists of a gum line surgery changing the shape of gums, a gum skin peeling operation changing black gums, and a gum transplant for exposed roots without gums. Implant often performs a gum operation. Especially in the case of unnatural gums in front teeth, combination of gum line or gum transplant operation takes effect. Front teeth as well as back teeth get performed a gum operation, because of the need for enough gums and good shape for long term use of implant. In the case of front teeth operation, unnatural gum line can be performed a gum line operation to make beautiful and natural gum line.	150-300 Per unit	1hr. - 1hr. 30min.	1-2 times
Botox	Botox, a sort of muscle relaxant medicine, is used by diluting and purifying botulinum toxin, food poisoning bacteria, for medical treatment. It is often called as Botox, but its original name is ‘botulinum A toxin’ and Botox is a brand name. Botulinum A toxin imported to Korea consists of Botox, disport, BTXA, etc. Unlike other muscle relaxant medicine, it remains stable at 3-6month and has no the whole body side effect, because it functions in the injected parts. A plastic surgery or a dermatology use Botox to treat face winkles, while A dentist uses it to treat teeth grinding or muscle type square jaw.	200-400	5-10min.	1 time

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Disease Treatment

Disease Treatment

Organ	Treatment	Option	minimal recovery time
Stomach Cancer	Endoscopic Resection, Subtotal(Total)gastrectomy, Chemotherapy, Nuturitional Support	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	10days
Obesity	Gasric Band Surgery, Gastric Bypass Surgery	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	10days
Small Bowel	Short Bowel Syndrome --> Small Bowel Transplantantion		2weeks
Colon and Rectum CancerUlcerative Colitis	Segmental resection, Hemicolectomy, Total Colectomy, Anterior Resection, Low Anterior Resection, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Molecular-targeted TherapyTotal Proctocolectomy with Pouch Ananstomosis	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	10days
Anus	surgery for Incontinence, Anal Cancer, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy		10days
Liver, Hepatoma	Liver resection, Interventional procedure such as Transarterial Chemoembolism,Liver transplantation	Laparoscopic surgery is available	2weeks
Gall Bladder and Bile duct	Cholecystectomy, Bile duct surgery, Endoscopic procedure	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	2weeks
Hernia	Hernia Repair	Laparoscopic surgery is available	3days
Heart	Heart Transplantation, Valve Replacement, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft, Pacemaker		2weeks
Lung Cancer	Lobectomy, Chemotherapy, Tomotherapy	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	1week
Artery	Aneurysmectomy, Bypass Graft, Interventional procedure, Endovascular Surgery, Stent Insertion	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	1week
Vein	Varicose Vein Removal		3days
Breast Benign MassBreast Cancer	Surgical Excision, Mammotome Excision, Radiofrequency AblationBreast Conserving Surgery, Mastectomy and Reconstruction, Radiotherapy, ChemotherayHormonal Therapy, Molecular-targeted Therapy, Tomotherapy	Endoscopic surgery is available	1day 10days
Thyroid Gland(Benign and Cancer)	Radiofrequency Ablation, Lobectomy, Total Thyroidectomy, RadioActive Iodine	내Endoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	5days
Adrenal Gland(Benign and Cancer)	Adrenalectomy	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	5days
Joint(Shoulder, Knee, Hip)	Arthroscopic Surgery, Total Replacement, Revision Surgery, Carpal tunnel Decompression		2weeks
Spine(Lordosis, Scoliosis,Herniation of Intervertebral Disc, Spinal Stenosis)	Correction, Fusion, Discectomy	Endoscopic surgery is available	2weeks 1week
Heights	Limb Lengthening Surgery		3weeks
Uterus, Vagina	Anterior Repair, Posterior Repair, Myomectomy, Hysterectomy	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	1week
Cervical Cancer	Radical Hysterectomy, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	1week
Fertility	In Vitro Fertilization, Intrauterine Insemination
Prostate	Transurethral Retrograde Prostatectomy for Benign Prostate HyperplasiaRadical Prostatectomy for Prostste Cancer	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	1week
Kidney(stone, Renal Cell Cancer)	Lithotripsy, Radical Nephrectomy	Laparoscopic and Robotic surgery is available	10days
Brain Tumor	Surgery, Cyber Knife, Radiotherapy, Tomotherapy
Ear, Nose, Throat	Septoplasty, Submucosal Resection, Tympanoplasty, Tonsillectomy	Option	1week

from: http://ezmeditour.com/

Gastric Cancer

Outline
This is the cancer that is generated on the stomach. Gastric cancer can be generated irrespective of region, and is metastasized to other organs. It is presumed that gastric ulcer does not stir gastric cancer. The symptoms of gastric cancer are not clear, but appetite loss or weight loss is observed. Gastric cancer can be diagnosed by biopsy.

Examinations
- Tumor Marker Test: CEA, AFP and Ferritin- Biopsy
- Image Analysis: X-Ray Examination, Gastroscopy, CT Scan, and Ultrasonography

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Uterine Cancer

Outline

This is the cancer that is generated on the uterus. Among organic cancers, it indicated the highest incidence next to gastric cancer. It is divided into cervical cancer and corpus carcinoma as to region. The twos are so different from each other in histological structure, symptoms, development, treatment and prognosis that those cannot be regarded as the same cancer. Ordinarily, uterine cancer means cervical cancer by reason it accounts for the majority of uterine cancer. Also, the progress of cervical cancer and corpus carcinoma should be determined in conformity with the clinical progress stipulated by International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) in 1961. Prognosis is remarkably influenced by the clinical progress classified at the time when medical treatment was performed, and also it is worsened in proportion to the stage.

Examinations

- Blood Test: Eythrocyte, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Leukocyte and Platelet

- Tumor Marker Test: TPA and CA125

- Other Examinations: Biopsy, Cytoscopy, CT Scan, Ultrasonography, and Palpation

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Prostatic Cancer

Outline

Prostatic cancer is a malignant tumor that is generated on the prostate. It has been reported that the whites and the colored ordinarily indicate high incidence as compared with the yellow race, but recently it has tended to increase even in Korea. In particular, latent carcinoma is observed in 40 to 50 percent of the aged who died from other diseases. The cancers, which clinically show symptoms, are widely observed between 40 and 80. Prostatic cancer is mostly generated around the outside of the prostate, which is near the membrane, and patients are mostly difficult to be conscious of subjective symptoms before metastasis. In addition to hormone therapy and surgical treatment, radiotherapy and estramstine-based chemotherapy have been continuously developed to remedy Prostatic cancer.
Examinations

- Tumor Marker Test: PAP, PA and γ-Sm

- Other Examinations: Digital Rectal Examination, Biopsy, Ultrasonography, and Scintigram

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Lung Cancer

Outline

Lung cancer is a malignant tumor that is generated on the lungs, a part of the respiratory organs. As it is detected after it was worsened in many cases, 10 percent of the patients diagnosed with lung cancer are completely recovered. 80 percent of lung cancer is caused by smoking. Lung cancer is divided into small cell cancer and non-small cell cancer.

Examinations

- Tumor Marker Test: SLX, NSE and SCC

- Other Examinations: X-Ray Examination, Lung CT Scan, Sputum Cytology, Bronchoscopy, Bronchograpic Examination, and Biopsy

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

The easiest and cheapest for everyone ? brushing teeth

Everyone wants to have healthy and beauty teeth. Entering the path to a healthy and beautiful tooth is not very difficult. By engraving the importance of teeth in heart and caring for the teeth and hygiene inside of the mouth, you can be a person with healthy teeth, away from any dental problems such as decayed tooth. Let’s take a look on the rules on how to maintain proper hygiene inside of the mouth.

The easiest and cheapest for everyone ? brushing teeth

The right way of brushing teeth that prevents generation of plaque
Experts say that the health of the teeth depending on the way of brushing the teeth, not the kind of toothpaste used. The most effective method to remove plaque is the right brushing of the teeth. This does not only remove plaque but also massages gums, accelerating the blood circulation in the gums thus making them stronger.
The areas that need extra care are between teeth and the boundary of teeth and the gums. Wipe down the deepest side of the gum with a toothbrush as if massaging. Tilt the toothbrush at a 45-degree angle, with the brush touching the surface of teeth, wipe down and shake the brush in a circular motion. At this time, it is effective to repeat the shaking motion 20 times per a tooth. Try to brush your teeth 3 times a day for more than 5 minutes, within 3 minutes after each meal.

[TIP] What is plaque?
It is the cause of various diseases of the gum and later, it develops as tartar. It is also called dental plaque. If not properly prevented and removed in advance cases, the mass of bacteria unites with other foreign substances and develops as plaque that cause various diseases in the gum.

Massaging the gums with fingertips is effective

When brushing your teeth, massaging the gums is also a good way for the healthy gums. It also is effective to massage the gums with your fingertips when it is hard to do it with a toothbrush.
Usually, the brushing towards each side wears out the boundary of the teeth and gums. This makes the side of teeth damaged and there may be a cold sensation felt in the teeth and gums when drinking cold water or facing cold wind. It is also not effective and not recommended to remove the plaque that is attached on teeth as it may hurt the gums.

It is also important to choose a right toothbrush. The head of the toothbrush should be small as a knuckle and with the elasticity of the brush should be little soft or medium soft. When extruding toothpaste, make sure the toothpaste is absorbed thoroughly between the hairs of the toothbrush.

Use dental floss to prevent plaque between teeth

Using dental floss is a one way to remove plaque. The plaque that is generated between the teeth cannot be completely removed with brushing. Thus, the dental floss serves as a supplementary device for plaque removal.
Dental floss is a straight silk thread and can be effectively used when the gap between teeth is not big enough. Cut the floss about 20cm and then wind it on the middle finger of both hands. After pulling the thread with either tips of the thumb or the index finger, put the floss between teeth and move it toward the chewing direction of teeth. The gap between teeth will not widen with the use of floss, so there is no need to worry.

The toothbrush that cleans the gap between teeth ? The interdentally brush is also good.

The interdentally brushing is a method of brushing using a tiny toothbrush that can clean thoroughly in between teeth. An effective way of cleaning a large area between teeth that is caused by periodontal diseases after their treatment. A person with a large gap between the teeth cannot clean the teeth on both sides with normal brushing. After the normal brushing, the interdentally brush has to be used. Position the interdentally brush between the teeth, clean the inner and outer surfaces of the teeth. Do not brush to hard as it may damage the gums. Finish of by rinsing with a gargling solution.

A gargling solution or medicated toothpaste that contains drugs against tooth decay, periodontal diseases and bad breath are helpful in removing plaque and prevent periodontal diseases. In fact, it is impossible to completely remove plaque by flossing alone. It is more effective to accompany brushing or flossing with medicated toothpaste or gargling solutions.

You have to brush your teeth and floss first, no matter the kind of medicated toothpastes or gargling solutions you use. There may be drug abuse and its side effect. Therefore, it is important to follow the direction of a medical professional before using such medicated toothpaste or gargling solutions to prevent periodontal diseases.

Regular checkup and scaling are essential

From 30s, people should have regular dental checkup. Prevention is better than treatment. If a person visits the dentist because of a pain without a prior regular checkup, it indicates a serious paradentitis. It is difficult to treat and it takes a relatively long time to restore the normal condition of the gums after the treatment.
No matter how a hard person brushes his/her teeth, plaque, tartar and discoloration due to nicotine, coffee or soft drinks on the surface of teeth cannot be removed with a common method.

Plaque, which is the cause of periodontal diseases, tartar and discoloration can be removed through scaling. It glosses the surface of teeth, refreshes the mouth and prevents periodontal diseases. A person who has a severe periodontal disease must especially undergo scaling to remove tartar.

A guide to have healthy teeth

1. Too much drinking, smoking and stress are the enemy of the healthy teeth. Try to monitor your physical health.
2. Having snack in between meals can hurt the health of the teeth.
3. Avoid too soft, sweet or artificial additive found in foods including instant foods. Eat grains, fruits and vegetables Instead since chewing such types of foods cleans the teeth.
4. Medications for gum-related diseases that are in the market are only supplementary and cannot primarilytreat the diseases themselves. Thus, try not to abuse the medicines.
5. Finally, remember that teeth are the most important organ in our body and do brush thoroughly.

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

ft drinks, they attack the healthy teeth

The beverages that fill up the refrigerators in convenience stores, cold ice-cream after meals, and a glass of cold beer after work… As the weather gets hotter, they are the ones we seek more often. They make us forget the hot weather and gives vitality to our enervated body. They are positive, however, they are the poison to our body at the same time.

The sugar content of beverages is the major cause of tooth decay

Soft drinks such as coke and 7-up, have strong acid materials to make unique taste. This acid element can erode the surface of the teeth. When the level of acid in the mouth is lower than pH 5.5, the enamel layer that protects teeth starts to get damaged. The average level of acid found in soft drinks is about pH 2.5∼3.5. So when you constantly drink soft drinks, the enamel layer is melted as the result of reaction with the acid.

The ionic beverages have strong acid content as much as found in soft drinks. Moreover, both beverages contain sugar contents that are artificially made. They have small particles and when they stay longer on the surface of teeth, can be the major cause of a decayed tooth.

A glass of beer after work is one temptation that is hard to resist. It is perfect enough to get rid of the stress fromexperienced throughout the day. However, beer is still harmful to the health of the teeth.

In the middle of barley fermentation, a great amount of sugar is added. Thus when drinking beer, the remnants of sugar can remain on the teeth. If you drink beer with dried squid and peanuts, it gives double pressure to your teeth. Squid and peanuts are tough, as a result, teeth can wear out while chewing them.

Iced coffee after meal awakens people who are exhausted from the hot weather. However, sugar contents such as sugar, syrup and whipped cream that are mixed with coffee increases the level of acidity in the mouth. This builds germs that cause tooth decay or periodontal diseases.

The brown color in coffee causes discoloration as well. The surface of the teeth look smooth but there are very fine holes on them.Therefore, drinking colored beverages such as coffee discolors teeth as the color from beverages penetrate into the fine holes on teeth.

Ice cream, children’s all-time favorite, gives excessive stimulation to the gums and teeth those results to a cold sensation on the teeth. Especially, when the gum is damage or the surface of teeth is worn out, such symptom could be intense. There may be external injuries such as breakage or shaking of a tooth when eating a hard Popsicle.

Maintain the health in the mouth by rinsing with fresh water and chewing vegetables

Then what should we eat? Of course, it does not mean to not eat such foods at all. However, with some simple steps, the damage of teeth can be relatively be decreased.

If you have to drink beverages that contain artificial additives to cope with hot and humid weather, don’t let them stay long in the mouth. It is best to rinse the mouth after drinking coffee or soda, but if you can’t, gargle with water to remove remnants of the sugar content. It is also a good idea to drink with a straw. Drinking with a straw diminishes the contact area of the beverage on teeth compared to drinking directly from the glass. Thus, it can reduce the frequency of having a decayed tooth.

If possible, it is good to quench your thirst with cool fresh water, fruits or vegetables. Cool fresh water is not only good to quench your thirst but also to the teeth because there is no artificial additive in water.

Besides fresh water, drinking a cold cup of barley tea, green tea and persimmon leaf tea are good too. Especially the green and persimmon teas, they helpful in maintaining the health of the teeth because of the ingredient against tooth decay. However, color from the tea may remain, so it is a good idea to rinse the mouth with fresh water after drinking tea.

The fiber-rich fruits and vegetables, such as a peach, pear, tomato and carrot are good for the health of the teeth as well. While chewing them, they help clean the surface of the teeth. It is also effective in preventing bad breath as they massage the skin inside the mouth.

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

The teeth can also be hurt. The way to treat external injuries of the teeth

When a tooth falls out, what should we do? No matter what the cause is, it is best to go to dentist as soon as possible. At that time, you need to take the tooth that fell off with you because the it can still be implanted and restored.

Treating the tooth that fell off

It is important to bring the tooth that feel off to avoid contamination or dryness. Put it in a glass of saline solution or milk and take it to dentist.. If the tooth is still in the mouth, take it to the dentist and holding the tooth in place. The most important thing for tooth restoration is time and it should be taken to the dentist within 30 minutes ~ 1 hour to increase possibility of restoring the tooth. However, if a long time has already passed or the tooth that fell off is severely contaminated, it would be impossible to restore the tooth.

Store the tooth that fell off until it is replaced within 2-4 weeks. Until such time, the tooth is fixed firmly to the adjacent teeth. During this recovery time, try to eat soft and gentle foods and manage the tooth well so as not to apply force on it.

When a tooth is moving because of a shock

A treatment that fixes the hurt tooth to the adjacent teeth is given. A follow-up will be made 2-3 weeks later. If the tooth is dying, a nerve treatment is necessary.

When the alveolar bon is damaged.

If the condition is not severe, the fixation treatment is given and then the condition of tooth will be monitored. However, if the fracture is severe when checked with X-ray, the broken bone has to be connected through a surgery.

When a tooth is cracked or broken

If a crack is invisible, take time and monitor the condition. The conditions that require immediate medical treatment are when…

- the crack is visible
- there are symptoms of coldness or pain if the tooth is tapped or firmly closed.
- the root of the tooth is cracked

If there is a piece of the broken tooth, take the piece to the dentist for further treatment. If a tooth is slightly broken, the broken part can be grinded and trimmed. But if the damage is big, the tooth can be restored by using the adhesive Resin or treatment by covering with laminate (the material for pottery) can be used.

When the color of a tooth turns to black

The change of tooth color to black is a phenomenon that occurs when the blood vessels and nerves of tooth are damaged due to an external impact. Similar to a bruise on the skin, it is the bruise of a tooth. If the black color of the tooth lightens as time goes by, it is the sign that the tooth is recovering. However, if the color gets darker and stronger, it would require nerve treatment. After the nerve treatment, the tooth has to be covered to prevent further damage accompanied by a regular follow up.

There is a sensation of numbness or pain when chewing something even though there is no particular instance of impact. At that time, it is better to visit the dentist for further check up. Although it is invisible, it may be a sign of inflammation or a fine crack. Until the pain fades away, do not eat hard food, have something soft and brush the teeth well.

from: http://www.hidoc.co.kr/

Do you want to have white teeth?

When a toothpaste model or an entertainer who has white and well-arranged teeth shows up on TV, we often envy them. If a person has a nice set of teeth, his/her impression is neater, pleasant and his/her smile looks more beautiful. Likewise, the teeth are beyond the concern related to health, but are a critical thing in people’s impression. Nowadays, our teeth are suffering!

Teeth discoloration due to aging, eating habit and external injury.

Aging
As aging progresses, the color of the dentine gets yellowish and a condition for coloration or discoloration is created on the teeth.

Table luxuries such as coffee, tea, cigarette and soft drinks.
Coffee, tea and soft drinks have a lot of coloring ingredients that causes the yellowish color on the teeth when you drink them too much. In addition, cigarettes not only discolor the teeth but also threatens the health of the mouth.

Food
When remnants of food accumulates between the teeth, it forms tartar and becomes the major cause of the teeth discoloration. When food has heavy artificial coloring ingredients, it becomes a source of teeth discoloration. A newspaper reported that after touching the imported Kimchee from China, a type of food with heavy artificial color, the red color on hands didn’t come off. This discoloration can also affect your teeth.

Medication
the antibiotics tetracycline, when taken during the period of having permanent teeth, causes teeth discoloration. Also, when taking a liquid type iron-supplement, the contact with the supplement may cause discoloration of the teeth.

Germs and plaque
Germs decompose calcium in the teeth and causes them to darken. Plaque also changes the color of teeth to yellow.

External injuries
When there is a strong impact to the teeth, the teeth becomes discolored because of the blood in the mouth. In addition, when cells and nerves are dead inside of teeth, there is not a big change at the beginning. But several months later, the only impacted teeth turns to black.

Good management for healthy teeth! Discoloration treatment for teeth whitening!

Do not smoke and avoid taking tetracycline antibiotics during the period of having permanent teeth. Also, when taking iron supplements, use a straw to avoid its direct contact with teeth. When injured, accompany treatment and examination from dentist immediately. Let’s take a look on other general methods of maintaining the health of the teeth.

Thorough teeth management
Most of all, maintaining the clean state of the teeth is very important. It is essential to keep the basic principle of brushing the teeth three times a day for three minutes and within three minutes after each meal.

Whitening Toothpaste
The effect of the whitening toothpaste will not be realized right after brushing the teeth, but it helps to whiten our teeth when used for a long period.

The peel of lemon and banana
When brushing the teeth, try to rub your teeth with the peel of lemon or banana to get a whitening effect. However, it is a temporary result from eroding teeth by using acid of the peel. Fundamentally, it is different from the true concept of tooth whitening that aims whitening the inside of the teeth.

Scaling
One whitening method is scaling, which removes tartar and plaque in the mouth. However, this treatment has to be done regularly for you to get a healthy teeth. Although one may maintain the heath of the teeth by regular and thorough brushing, tartar and plaque can still accumulate in the mouth as time goes by. If the accumulation of such tartar and plaque continues, our gums gets swollen and the color of teeth changes. Therefore, scaling should be done regularly once in every 3~6 months, depending on the condition of the teeth. It is a way to have white teeth and maintain the health in the mouth.

The home Bleaching Treatment
This treatment makes the surface of teeth white as a way of whitening. It changes only color of teeth without any surgical intervention and can be used when the teeth discoloration is not severe. This treatment requires a patient to bite a cast to make a mold of the teeth. This is then filled with a substance called Carbamide peroxide. Usually, this treatment is done in the hospital as well as at home. A low strength treatment may take 6 hours when done at home. It only takes an hour when done in the hospital with a high concentration treatment. The treatment in the hospital is executed to reduce the overall whitening period at home. It is an easy method but takes long time to whiten the teeth.

The Laser Whitening Treatment
This treatment performed by a dentist is done by exposing the teeth under hot laser for about an hour and pasting highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide. This method is effective to whiten one’s teeth, but hydrogen peroxide may damage the gums or cause a cold sensation on teeth due to the hot rays of the laser.

The Plasma Whitening Treatment
This treatment was recently developed to compensate the weakness of the laser whitening treatment. It uses low concentration laser. Although it is expensive, the overall treatment can be done only 1-2 times because it’s great whitening effect.

There was a campaign shown on TV that prohibits smoking. In the campaign, an attractive woman got people’s attention but when she smiled and they saw her discolored teeth when she smiled, the people ran away. Like the story of the campaign, some people cannot quit smoking no matter how harmful it is. But there are also people who are not aware of how they got the teeth discoloration. In order to prevent such situations, keeping your teeth white and cleaning the teeth thoroughly are ways on how to save the teeth and keep your beauty. from:

http://www.hidoc.co.kr/